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Getting Started with Python
What Python Is and Where It Is Used Free
Installing Python and First Terminal Commands
The REPL and Your First Script: Running Python Code
Setting Up VS Code for Python: Extensions, Interpreter, Debugging
print(), Comments and Syntax Basics
Reading Errors: Tracebacks and Common Beginner Mistakes
Virtual Environments with venv and Installing Your First Package
Variables, Numbers and Logic
Variables and Assignment
Dynamic Typing: Objects, Types and References
int and float: Arithmetic and Operator Precedence
Built-in Numeric Functions and the math Module
Decimal and Fraction: Exact Money and Fraction Arithmetic
input() and Type Conversion
The bool Type and Comparison Operators
and, or, not and Truthiness (Truthy/Falsy)
Project: Currency and Unit Converter
Strings
Strings: Creation, Escaping and Basic Operations
String Indexing and Slicing
String Methods: Case, Searching and Checks
String Methods: split, join, strip, replace and Padding
f-strings: Embedding Expressions and Debugging
Formatting Numbers and Text: Format Specifiers
Unicode and Encodings: ord, chr, encode, decode
Project: Store Receipt Generator
Conditions and Loops
The if/else Statement
elif, Nested Conditions and the Conditional Expression
match/case: Matching Literal Values
The while Loop and the := Operator
The for Loop and range()
break, continue and else in Loops
enumerate(), zip() and reversed() in Loops
Nested Loops
Project: Number Guessing Game
Lists and Tuples
Lists: Creation, Indexing and Slicing
List Methods: Adding, Removing, Searching
Sorting: sort() and sorted()
List References and Copying
Nested Lists and Matrices
Tuples and Unpacking
Project: Class Grade Book
Dictionaries, Sets and Comprehensions
Dictionaries: Creation, Access and Modification
Dictionary Methods and Iteration
Nested Structures: Lists of Dicts and Dicts of Lists
match/case: List and Dictionary Patterns
Dictionary Patterns: Counting, Grouping and Dispatch Tables
Sets and Set Operations
List Comprehensions
Dict and Set Comprehensions
Nested Comprehensions
Generator Expressions with any, all and sum
Project: Text Statistics Tool
Functions
Functions: Defining, Calling and return
Parameters: Positional, Keyword, Defaults, / and *
*args, **kwargs and Argument Unpacking
Type Annotations and Docstrings in Functions
Scope: LEGB, global and nonlocal
Recursion
Project: Password Generator and Checker
Functional Techniques, Decorators and Generators
Functions as First-Class Objects
Anonymous lambda Functions
map, filter and functools.reduce
Sorting with key: lambda, itemgetter and Multiple Fields
Closures
Decorators: How They Work
Decorators with Arguments and Stacking Decorators
Iterables and Iterators: iter() and next()
Generator Functions and yield
yield from and Generator Pipelines
Exceptions and Working with Files
Handling Exceptions: try/except
else and finally: The Complete try Statement
Raising Exceptions: raise, raise from and assert
Custom Exception Classes
Reading Files: open(), Modes, Encodings and with
Writing Files: w, a, x Modes and Binary Files
pathlib: Working with Paths
os and shutil: Copying, Moving and Deleting Files
JSON: Saving and Loading Data
CSV: Reading and Writing Tables
Project: Contact Book with JSON Storage
Modules, Packages and Tooling
Importing Modules: import, from, as and sys.path
Your Own Modules and if __name__ == '__main__'
Packages and Project Structure
pip and Dependencies: PyPI, Versions, requirements.txt
uv: A Modern Project and Package Manager
pyproject.toml and Building Your Own Package
The Standard Library
datetime: Dates, Times and Intervals
Date Formatting and Time Zones (zoneinfo)
collections: Counter, defaultdict, namedtuple, deque
itertools: Efficient Iterators
functools: partial, cache, lru_cache and singledispatch
random and secrets: Random Numbers and Secure Tokens
Regular Expressions: re Module Basics
Regular Expressions: Groups, Substitution and Flags
logging: Logging Instead of print
argparse: Command-Line Tools with Arguments
Project: Expense Tracker with CSV Storage
OOP Fundamentals
Classes and Objects: Why OOP
The __init__ Constructor, self and Instance Attributes
Instance Methods
Class Attributes vs Instance Attributes
@classmethod and @staticmethod
Encapsulation and @property
Inheritance and super()
Multiple Inheritance, MRO and Mixins
Advanced OOP
Magic Methods __str__ and __repr__
Comparing and Hashing Objects: __eq__, __lt__, __hash__
Operators and Container Protocols: __add__, __len__, __getitem__, __iter__
dataclasses: Data Classes Without Boilerplate
dataclasses: field, frozen, slots, __post_init__ and match/case
Abstract Base Classes: the abc Module
Composition vs Inheritance
Enumerations: Enum, StrEnum and IntEnum
Custom Context Managers
Project: OOP Bank Account System
Type Hints, Testing and Code Quality
Type Hints in Depth: Literal, TypedDict, Callable, Aliases
Generics and Protocols
mypy: Static Type Checking
PEP 8 and Ruff: Code Style, Linting and Formatting
pytest: Writing Your First Tests
pytest: Fixtures and conftest.py
pytest: Parametrization, Markers and Coverage
Mocking: unittest.mock and monkeypatch
Project: Shopping Cart with TDD
HTTP, APIs and Web Scraping
How HTTP and REST APIs Work
requests: GET Requests and Working with JSON
requests: POST, Headers, Authentication and Sessions
Reliable HTTP Requests: Timeouts, Errors and Retries
httpx: A Modern HTTP Client
Project: Weather Forecast CLI Using an API
Web Scraping: HTML and BeautifulSoup
Scraping in Practice: Pagination, Delays and Ethics
Project: Book Catalog Scraper
Databases and FastAPI
SQLite and the sqlite3 Module: First Queries
sqlite3: Query Parameters, CRUD and Transactions
SQLAlchemy 2.0: Introduction to ORM
FastAPI: Your First REST API
Project: Notes REST API with FastAPI and SQLite
Concurrency, asyncio and Telegram Bots
Concurrency and Parallelism: Threads, Processes, asyncio and the GIL
Threads: threading and ThreadPoolExecutor
Processes: multiprocessing and ProcessPoolExecutor
asyncio: async/await and the Event Loop
asyncio: Tasks, TaskGroup, Timeouts and Cancellation
Async HTTP Requests: httpx.AsyncClient and aiohttp
Telegram Bots with aiogram: Commands and Handlers
Telegram Bots: Keyboards, Callback Buttons and States (FSM)
Project: Course Enrollment Telegram Bot
Automation, Data and the Final Project
Excel from Python: openpyxl
pandas: DataFrames, Loading and Filtering Data
pandas: Grouping, Aggregation and Reports
Automated Email: smtplib and email
Scheduling Tasks and Running Programs: schedule, cron, subprocess
Project: Automatic File Organizer
Final Project: Your Own Application from Idea to Release

Python course · Functions

Scope: LEGB, global and nonlocal

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