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Introduction: PHP and the Web
How the Web Works: Client, Server, HTTP Request and Response Free
What Is PHP: Interpreter, Web Server and PHP-FPM
Installing PHP: XAMPP, Laragon, Docker and the Built-in Server
First Script: <?php Tags, echo, Comments and PHP Inside HTML
Configuring php.ini, phpinfo() and Displaying Errors
Language Basics: Variables, Types and Operators
Variables and Constants: Naming, Assignment, define and const
Data Types: int, float, string, bool, null and Type Checking
Explicit Type Casting: (int), intval() and settype()
Type Juggling and Comparisons: == vs ===
Arithmetic and Assignment Operators
Comparison, Logical and Spaceship Operators
Ternary, ?: and the Null Coalescing Operator ??
Console Input: readline(), STDIN and $argv
Conditionals and Loops
Conditionals: if, else, elseif and Early Exit
The switch Statement: case, break, default and Its Pitfalls
The match Expression: Strict Comparison and UnhandledMatchError
while and do-while Loops
The for Loop, Nested Loops, break and continue
Project: Console Calculator and Unit Converter
Strings and Numbers
Strings: Quotes, Escaping, Interpolation, Heredoc and Nowdoc
Basic String Functions: Length, Case, Trimming and Padding
Search and Replace: str_contains, strpos, substr and str_replace
Formatting Output: printf, sprintf and number_format
Unicode and mb_* Functions: Handling Non-Latin Letters
Numbers and Math: Float Precision, Rounding and random_int
Arrays
Arrays: Indexed and Associative, Keys and Values
Iterating Arrays: foreach over Values, Keys and by Reference
Multidimensional Arrays: Tables, Nested Structures and array_column
Destructuring and Spread: list(), [...] and the ... Operator
Merging and Slicing Arrays: array_merge, +, array_slice and array_splice
Searching and Comparing Arrays: in_array, array_search, array_unique, array_diff
Sorting Arrays: sort, asort, ksort, Flags and array_multisort
Strings and Arrays: explode, implode, str_split and str_getcsv
Project: Grade Book with Arrays
Functions
Functions: Declaration, Parameters and return
Parameter and Return Types: Nullable, Union, void and never
Strict Mode declare(strict_types=1) and TypeError
Parameters: Default Values, Named Arguments and Variadics
Scope, Static Variables and Passing by Reference
Anonymous Functions and Closures: use by Value and by Reference
Arrow Functions, the callable Type and First-Class Callables
Array Callbacks: array_map, array_filter, array_reduce and array_find
Custom Sorting: usort, uasort, uksort and <=>
Recursion: Base Case, Trees and Nested Menus
Including Files: include, require, *_once and Code Organization
Project: Password Generator and Text Analyzer
Dates, Regular Expressions and JSON
Date and Time: Timestamps, date() and DateTimeImmutable
Intervals and Time Zones: DateInterval, DatePeriod and Asia/Baku
Regular Expressions: Pattern Syntax and preg_match
preg_* Functions: Finding All Matches, Replacing and Splitting
JSON in PHP: json_encode, json_decode and Error Handling
Project: JSON-Based Events Calendar
Forms and HTTP
Superglobals and GET Requests: $_SERVER, $_GET and URL Parameters
POST Forms: Submitting Data, Array Fields and the PRG Pattern
Form Validation: Required Fields, Formats and Error Messages
Filtering and Escaping: filter_var, filter_input and htmlspecialchars
HTTP Headers, Status Codes and Redirects
File Uploads: $_FILES, move_uploaded_file and Limits
Project: Loan Calculator with a Payment Schedule
Files, Cookies and Sessions
Reading and Writing Files: file_get_contents, file_put_contents and file()
File Streams: fopen, fgets, fwrite and flock
Working with CSV: fgetcsv, fputcsv, Importing and Exporting Data
Directories and the File System: scandir, glob, mkdir and Safe Paths
Cookies: setcookie, Lifetime and Security Options
Sessions: session_start, $_SESSION and Flash Messages
Project: File-Based Guestbook
OOP Fundamentals
Classes and Objects: Properties, Methods, $this and the ?-> Operator
Constructors, Property Promotion and Typed Properties
Encapsulation: public, protected, private and Object Invariants
Static Properties and Methods, Class Constants and self::
Inheritance: extends, Method Overriding, parent:: and final
Abstract Classes and Methods: The Template Method
Interfaces, Polymorphism and instanceof
Traits: Code Reuse and Conflict Resolution
Project: OOP Shopping Cart
Advanced OOP and Exceptions
Enums: Pure and Backed Enums, Methods and match
readonly Properties and Classes: Immutable Value Objects
Property Hooks and Asymmetric Visibility in PHP 8.4
Magic Methods and Cloning: __toString, __get, __call, __invoke, __clone
Late Static Binding: static:: vs self::
Generators and Iterators: yield, IteratorAggregate and Collections
Attributes and the Reflection API
Exceptions: throw, try, catch and finally
The Throwable Hierarchy: Error, Exception and SPL Exceptions
Custom Exceptions: Hierarchy, Context and the previous Chain
Global Error Handling: Handlers, Strategy and error_log
Namespaces, Composer and Packages
Namespaces: namespace, use and Aliases
Class Autoloading: spl_autoload_register and PSR-4
Composer: composer.json, require, vendor and Autoloading
Package Versions: SemVer, composer.lock, install and update
PSR Standards and Code Quality: PER Coding Style, PHP-CS-Fixer, PHPStan
App Configuration: .env, phpdotenv and Secrets
Logging with Monolog: Channels, Handlers and PSR-3 Levels
Sending Emails: PHPMailer, SMTP and HTML Emails
Project: Contact Form with Validation and Email Delivery
Databases: MySQL and PDO
MySQL for PHP Developers: Tables, Types and CRUD Queries
Table Relationships: Foreign Keys, JOIN and Indexes
Connecting with PDO: DSN, Options and Error Handling
Prepared Statements: prepare, execute, Placeholders and SQL Injection
Fetching Results: fetch, fetchAll, fetchColumn and Fetch Modes
CRUD with PDO: Create, Read, Update, Delete and Pagination
Transactions: beginTransaction, commit, rollBack and Locking
Project: PDO Blog with Categories and Tags
Web Application Security
XSS: Cross-Site Scripting and Context-Aware Escaping
CSRF: Cross-Site Request Forgery and Tokens
SQL and Other Injections: Allowlists, OS Commands and Path Traversal
Storing Passwords: password_hash, password_verify and Rehashing
Session and Login Security: Fixation, Hijacking and Brute Force
Secure File Uploads: MIME Types, Extensions and Storage Outside Web Root
Security Headers, HTTPS and the OWASP Top 10 Checklist
Project: Registration and Login System
REST APIs and HTTP Clients
REST Principles: Resources, HTTP Methods and Status Codes
A JSON API in Plain PHP: Request Body, Responses and CORS
API Routing: Front Controller, Methods and Path Parameters
API Validation and Authentication: Tokens, JWT and Rate Limiting
cURL: Calling External APIs from PHP
The Guzzle HTTP Client: Requests, Exceptions, Retries and PSR-18
Project: REST API for a Task List
Architecture: MVC, DI and Design Patterns
MVC Architecture: Project Structure and the Request Lifecycle
An MVC Router: The Router Class, Controllers and Named Routes
Request and Response Objects and the Middleware Pipeline
Views and Templates: Layouts, Partials and Auto-Escaping
Models and the Data Layer: Active Record, Data Mapper and Query Builder
SOLID Principles with PHP Examples
Dependency Injection and a DI Container with Autowiring
Creational Patterns: Singleton, Factory and Builder
Strategy, Observer and Decorator Patterns
The Repository Pattern and the Service Layer
Project: A Mini MVC Framework
Testing and Debugging
Debugging with Xdebug: Breakpoints, Stepping and Profiling
PHPUnit: First Unit Tests and Assertions
PHPUnit: Data Providers, Fixtures and Test Doubles
Pest: Modern Test Syntax, Expectations and Datasets
Integration Tests and TDD: Databases and HTTP Endpoints
Performance, Deployment and Final Project
Caching: File Cache, APCu, Redis and HTTP Caching
PHP Performance: OPcache, JIT and Finding Bottlenecks
CLI Scripts: getopt, I/O Streams and Exit Codes
Background Jobs: cron, Run Locks and Job Queues
Deploying to Shared Hosting: Files, Database and Domain
Deploying to a VPS: Nginx, PHP-FPM, HTTPS and Automation
Final Project, Stage 1: Designing an Online Store or CMS
Final Project, Stage 2: Catalog, Cart and Checkout
Final Project, Stage 3: Admin Panel, API, Tests and Deployment
What's Next: Moving to Laravel and Symfony

PHP course · Functions

Recursion: Base Case, Trees and Nested Menus

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